Ringworm

Ringworm is a fungal infection affecting the skin, characterized by itching, redness, scaling, and dryness, usually presenting as a ring-shaped rash. Treatments include various antifungal medications such as allylamine and azole antifungals, either alone or in combination with corticosteroids. Other effective treatments can include quinolone antibiotic and corticosteroid combinations, standalone corticosteroids, hydroxypyridone antifungals, and tubulin inhibitors.

Causes

Ringworm is caused by fungi, despite its misleading name suggesting a worm. It typically infects the outer skin layer, forming a noticeable ring-like rash. Common fungi include Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. The infection spreads easily through:

• Direct skin-to-skin contact.

• Contact with animals, particularly pets like cats and dogs.

• Sharing personal items such as towels, clothing, or bedding.

• Occasional prolonged exposure to contaminated soil.

• Warm, damp environments, like locker rooms and public showers.

Symptoms

Ringworm presents several identifiable symptoms:

• A hallmark ring-shaped rash, starting small and flat, then expanding into a circular, scaly pattern.

• The rash appears red on lighter skin and brown or gray on darker skin.

• Accompanied by itchiness.

• The ring's interior may be clear or bumpy, with raised edges.

• On the scalp, it can cause hair loss or bald spots.

• Seek medical advice if symptoms spread beyond a small area or don't improve with over-the-counter treatments.

Diagnosis

Ringworm is identified by a distinctive circular rash with clear centers and scaly edges. Diagnosis generally begins with a physical examination for these telltale patches, which vary in color based on skin tone. Confirmation involves scraping a small skin sample for microscopic analysis to detect the fungus. A laboratory culture may be used for uncertain or extensive cases, as early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment and preventing further spread.

Treatments

Ringworm is commonly treated with antifungal medications in creams, ointments, or pills. Topical antifungal creams like Clotrimazole or terbinafine, applied over two to four weeks, are effective for skin infections. Scalp infections require prescription oral antifungals such as griseofulvin or terbinafine, as topical treatments are less effective. Follow medication instructions to prevent recurrence, avoiding steroid creams that can exacerbate the infection. Consult a healthcare provider if symptoms persist or worsen.

Medications

Antifungal medications are key to treating ringworm.

• Over-the-Counter Antifungals: Include creams, lotions, or powders with Clotrimazole, Miconazole, or terbinafine applied twice daily for two to four weeks.

• Prescription Medications: Necessary for severe infections, particularly on the scalp or large areas. Options include Fluconazole, griseofulvin, Itraconazole, or terbinafine.

• Completion of Treatment: Full medication courses should be completed to ensure eradication and prevent recurrence.

• Healthcare Consultation: Important if symptoms persist or worsen despite treatment.

Prevention

Prevent ringworm with these steps:

• Keep skin clean and dry.

• Avoid sharing personal items to reduce transmission risk.

• Wear flip-flops in communal showers and locker rooms.

• Change socks and underwear daily; choose breathable shoes.

• Shower after sports or exercise; clean gear regularly.

• Inspect pets for ringworm signs; consult a vet if needed.

Following these measures can help protect yourself and others from ringworm.