Seizure

A seizure is a sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain, which can cause changes in your behavior, movements, feelings, and consciousness levels. They can be a single event or occur repeatedly, in which case it is known as epilepsy. While witnessing a seizure can be unsettling, understanding the nature, causes, and treatment options can help demystify this condition and provide insight into how to manage it effectively.

Types of Seizures

Seizures are broadly categorized into two groups: focal (partial) seizures and generalized seizures. Focal seizures originate from a specific area in one hemisphere of the brain. They are further divided into simple focal seizures, which do not impair awareness, and complex focal seizures, which do affect consciousness. On the other hand, generalized seizures involve both hemispheres of the brain from the onset. Common types include absence seizures, characterized by brief lapses in attention, and tonic-clonic seizures, marked by muscle rigidity and convulsions. Other variations like myoclonic and atonic seizures exhibit distinct features but still affect the entire brain.

Causes of Seizures

Seizures can be triggered by a variety of factors, depending on the individual's age, medical history, and environmental conditions. Common causes include genetic predispositions, head injuries, brain infections like meningitis or encephalitis, and underlying neurological disorders such as stroke or brain tumors. Metabolic issues like low blood sugar, electrolyte imbalances, and substance withdrawal can also induce seizures. Certain medications and recreational drugs, as well as flashing lights or lack of sleep, may act as triggers for susceptible individuals.

Symptoms of Seizures

Seizure symptoms can range from mild to severe and vary depending on the type of seizure. During a focal seizure, individuals might experience unusual sensations, emotionally charged hallucinations, or involuntary jerking of a part of the body. Complex focal seizures may also involve confusion, repetitive movements like hand wringing or lip-smacking, and impaired consciousness. Generalized seizures typically manifest with more dramatic symptoms such as loss of consciousness, stiffening and convulsing muscles, and loss of bladder or bowel control. After the seizure, individuals may feel tired, confused, or experience temporary memory loss.

Diagnosis of Seizures

A comprehensive evaluation is essential for diagnosing the type and cause of seizures. The process usually starts with a detailed clinical history and physical examination. Physicians may ask about the nature and duration of the seizure, any possible triggers, and relevant medical history. Diagnostic tools like electroencephalograms (EEG) record the electrical activity in the brain and are crucial in identifying abnormal patterns indicative of seizures. Imaging studies such as MRI and CT scans can help spot structural abnormalities or lesions in the brain. Blood tests may reveal metabolic imbalances or infections responsible for triggering seizures.

Treatment of Seizures

The approach to treating seizures varies based on the underlying cause, seizure type, and the individual's overall health. Medications are commonly prescribed and play a central role in controlling seizures. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) like carbamazepine, valproate, and newer agents like levetiracetam can be effective in most cases. For individuals who do not achieve adequate control with medications, other treatments may be considered. Surgical options include removal of a brain lesion or the part of the brain where the seizures originate. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and responsive neurost