Cough

Coughing is a vital reflex action that helps clear your throat and airways of irritants. Coughs can be categorized as acute or chronic. Chronic coughing may be linked to conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the common cold, the flu, or smoking. Treatment generally involves medications including combinations of antihistamines and non-narcotic antitussives, and options with opioids. Alternatives may involve non-narcotic antitussives, expectorants, and combinations with components like Sudafed.

Causes

Coughs can arise from various triggers and may be distinguished by their duration:

• Acute Cough (less than three weeks): Typically caused by infections such as the common cold, flu, or bronchitis, which prompt your body to expel mucus and germs from your airways.

• Chronic Cough (more than eight weeks): Often linked to ongoing conditions like asthma or COPD. Persistent coughing can also indicate lung cancer.

Additional factors contributing to coughs include:

• Allergies that cause histamine release and airway irritation.

• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), in which stomach acid affects the throat and airways.

• Irritants like cigarette smoke or strong odors.

• Certain medications with coughing as a possible side effect.

• Postnasal drip, where mucus drips into the throat, triggering a cough.

If a cough doesn't resolve or is accompanied by other symptoms, consulting a healthcare provider is vital to determine the cause and appropriate treatment.

Symptoms

A cough's primary function is to clear irritants from the airways; however, chronic coughs lasting over eight weeks in adults or four weeks in children may signal a bigger issue. Symptoms associated with a lasting cough can include:

• Runny or stuffy nose

• Postnasal drip

• Frequent throat clearing

• Sore throat

• Hoarseness

• Wheezing

• Shortness of breath

• Heartburn

In rare cases, individuals may cough up blood. Chronic coughs can disrupt sleep, leading to fatigue, and in severe instances, cause lightheadedness or rib fractures. If coughing produces discolored mucus or significantly hampers daily life, medical advice is necessary.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of a cough's cause involves several steps. Your healthcare provider will take a detailed medical history and inquire about when the cough began, its characteristics, and any related symptoms such as fever or chest discomfort. Based on this information, additional tests like blood tests, phlegm analysis, chest X-rays, or CT scans may be conducted to uncover the underlying cause. Doctors might also perform spirometry tests to assess lung function or special tests to detect asthma. Providing comprehensive information about your medical history, potential triggers, and lifestyle is essential for an accurate diagnosis.

Treatments

A cough remains a natural protective reflex, but persistent cases may require treatment. Identifying the root cause is critical. For allergies and postnasal drip, antihistamines, corticosteroids, or decongestants can be useful. Asthma-related coughs typically require inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators. Bacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics, while acid-blocking medications are effective for reflux-induced coughs. Over-the-counter options like cough drops and expectorants might provide relief but are usually not recommended for children. Enhancing lifestyle habits, including staying hydrated, using a humidifier, and avoiding smoking, can aid in alleviating symptoms.

Medications

• Over-the-counter options: Medications like dextromethorphan (cough suppressants) or Guaifenesin (expectorants) can help manage coughs caused by colds or flu.

• Prescription options: If a bacterial infection is suspected, antibiotics may be prescribed. Severe or persistent coughs might require prescription-strength medications.

• Treatments for asthma or allergies: Involves inhalers or antihistamines to control symptoms.

• Home remedies: While not classified as medication, using a Humidifier, maintaining hydration, or using honey can offer relief.

Always check with a healthcare professional before starting any medication to confirm its appropriateness for your specific condition.

Prevention

To prevent coughing, consider these lifestyle adjustments:

• Cease smoking to minimize lung and respiratory irritation.

• Guard against seasonal illnesses by regularly washing your hands and staying current with vaccines like the flu shot.

• Manage allergies with prescribed treatments and avoid triggers to decrease postnasal drip leading to coughs.

• Keep your living area free from pollutants, such as dust and fumes, to prevent chronic coughs.

• Early consultation with a healthcare professional for persistent coughs can assist in timely diagnosis and management, preventing potential complications.