Eye Infection

Eye infections result from the invasion of viruses, bacteria, or fungi into the eye, characterized by vision changes, pain, swelling, discharge, and itching. These infections can impact multiple parts of the eye, including the eyelid. Treatment often involves eye drops, ointments, and sometimes oral medications. Commonly prescribed medications belong to classes such as aminoglycoside, macrolide antibiotics, polyene antifungals, and quinolone antibiotics, along with combinations that may include corticosteroids.

Causes

Eye infections occur when harmful microorganisms invade and multiply in the eye, leading to redness, pain, swelling, and discharge. Common causes include:

• Bacteria: Notably, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus.

• Viruses: Such as adenovirus and herpes.

• Fungi: Often from the Candida family.

• Parasites: Less common, but still a potential cause.

Microorganisms can enter the eye through:

• Injuries: Damaged surfaces that pathogens can infiltrate.

• Contact Lenses: Improper cleaning or overnight wear can increase infection risk.

• Contaminated Surfaces: Transferring germs by touching eyes after contact.

Poor hygiene and close contact with an infected person can increase the risk of catching an eye infection. Practicing good hygiene and eye care is essential to prevent these infections.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of an eye infection include:

• Redness and irritation.

• Itching inside or around the eyes.

• Watery eyes due to increased tear production.

• A burning or painful sensation.

• Sticky or watery discharge causing eyes to feel stuck shut upon waking.

• Swollen eyelids.

• Light sensitivity.

• Blurred vision, indicating the need for immediate medical attention.

If you experience these symptoms, consult a healthcare provider for diagnosis and treatment, particularly if they cause significant discomfort or affect vision.

Diagnosis

To accurately diagnose an eye infection, a healthcare provider typically conducts a comprehensive eye examination. This includes a visual acuity test to assess sight at varying distances. Pupils may be dilated for a detailed inspection of the lens and retina. In specific cases, sampling eye discharge helps pinpoint the causative microorganism, which is crucial since different pathogens require specific treatments. Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment, avoiding complications, and maintaining long-term eye health.

Treatments

Eye infections are often responsive to suitable treatments, which vary based on the infection's origin. For bacterial infections, antibiotic eye drops or ointments are usually effective, often resolving the issue within days. Viral infections might resolve over time, though antiviral medication may be necessary for severe cases like those caused by the herpes simplex virus. Warm or cold compresses and lubricating eye drops can alleviate symptoms, along with addressing any underlying conditions such as sexually transmitted infections to ensure comprehensive recovery.

Medications

Medications play a key role in treating eye infections:

• Antibiotic eye drops or ointments are used for bacterial infections such as conjunctivitis or pink eye.

• Antibiotics are ineffective against viral or fungal infections and should be used only when prescribed by a healthcare provider to prevent antibiotic resistance.

• Completing the full prescribed antibiotic course is crucial, even if symptoms improve, to ensure full recovery and reduce recurrence risk.

• Maintain good hygiene to prevent spreading the infection, such as not sharing towels, makeup, or eye drops and frequent hand washing.

• Persistent or worsening symptoms necessitate professional medical evaluation.

Prevention

Preventing eye infections involves maintaining good hygiene and taking precautions:

• Wash hands thoroughly before touching eyes or handling contact lenses.

• Adhere to recommendations for cleaning, storage, and replacement of contact lenses.

• Avoid sharing personal items like towels, makeup, or eyewear.

• Refrain from rubbing irritated eyes to prevent infection spread.

• Use protective eyewear during activities posing injury risks to minimize infection chances.