Thrush

Thrush is a condition caused by a fungal infection resulting from Candida albicans. This yeast infection primarily targets the mouth, presenting symptoms such as yellowish patches on the tongue or other regions inside the mouth. Treatment typically involves medication, with azole antifungals, echinocandin antifungals, and polyene antifungals being the most commonly prescribed.

Causes

Thrush occurs due to an overgrowth of the Candida fungus, mainly Candida albicans, in the mouth. While this fungus normally inhabits the skin and mouth without issue, several factors can trigger its excessive growth, leading to infection. Key causes include:

• Weakened Immune System: Individuals with compromised immune systems, such as babies, the elderly, or those receiving cancer treatments, are more susceptible.

• Medications: Certain medications, like antibiotics, corticosteroids, and hormones in birth control pills, can disturb the natural balance of microorganisms, increasing thrush risk.

• Diabetes: Elevated sugar levels in the saliva of individuals with diabetes can promote fungal proliferation.

Recognizing these causes allows for proactive prevention, especially for those at heightened risk.

Symptoms

Thrush typically manifests as a yeast infection in the mouth, with the following symptoms:

• Creamy white, slightly raised patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, gums, roof of the mouth, or back of the throat, often resembling cottage cheese.

• A sore or burning sensation that may make eating or swallowing difficult.

• Loss of taste.

• A cottony feeling in the mouth.

• In severe cases, the infection may spread to the esophagus, particularly in those with weakened immune systems, causing pain or difficulty swallowing.

If these symptoms occur, seeking medical evaluation and treatment is crucial.

Diagnosis

Healthcare professionals diagnose thrush through a simple mouth examination, checking for characteristic white patches on the tongue, cheeks, or mouth roof. To confirm Candida fungus presence, a sample from the affected area might be analyzed microscopically. If there's suspicion of the infection spreading to the esophagus, evidenced by swallowing difficulties, further diagnostics like throat culture or endoscopy may be conducted. These procedures help assess the infection's extent and identify any contributing health issues.

Treatments

Thrush is generally treated with antifungal medications available in lozenge, tablet, or liquid form for a typical duration of 7 to 14 days. For infants and breastfeeding mothers, gentle antifungal treatments for both can prevent reciprocal infection. If initial treatments fail, systemic antifungal medications may be advised. Managing underlying conditions, such as diabetes or corticosteroid use, is critical to prevent recurrence. Good oral hygiene and regular dental check-ups play a vital role in reducing thrush risk.

Medications

Managing thrush, caused by Candida albicans overgrowth, typically involves antifungal medications. Options include:

• Topical treatments: Clotrimazole lozenges and Nystatin liquid suspension are recommended for mild cases, directly applied in the mouth to minimize side effects as they do not enter the bloodstream.

• Oral antifungal medications: In severe cases or when topical treatments aren't effective, oral antifungal medications like Fluconazole, available in tablet or liquid form, are prescribed to work throughout the body.

Adhering to the prescribed treatment plan is essential to fully clear the infection and prevent recurrence.

Prevention

• Maintain good oral hygiene by brushing your teeth at least twice daily and flossing regularly.

• Use a soft-bristled toothbrush to avoid gum irritation.

• Rinse your mouth or brush your teeth after using a corticosteroid inhaler to minimize thrush risk.

• Ensure dentures fit well and clean them daily to prevent Candida growth.

• Regular dental visits are crucial, particularly for individuals with diabetes or dentures.

• Reduce sugar and yeast in your diet to control Candida levels.

• For those with compromised immune systems, your healthcare provider might recommend preventive antifungal medications.

• Keep your mouth moist by drinking plenty of water to help reduce the risk of developing thrush.