Allergic Conjunctivitis

Allergic conjunctivitis is a common eye condition marked by inflammation of the conjunctiva, the transparent membrane that covers the eye. It is caused by environmental allergens similar to those that trigger hay fever, also known as allergic rhinitis. It affects up to one in four individuals, with those having eczema, asthma, or allergic rhinitis at a higher risk.

Causes

This condition is triggered by various environmental allergens, including:

• Tree pollen

• Grass pollen

• Animal dander

• Dust mites

• Mold spores

• Cigarette smoke

• Chemicals found in perfumes and detergents

These allergens irritate the conjunctiva, causing symptoms such as redness, itching, and watery eyes. The immune system responds by releasing histamines, leading to inflammation. The timing of symptoms can vary based on the allergen; pollen tends to cause reactions in spring and summer, while dust mites and pet dander can affect individuals year-round.

Symptoms

People with allergic conjunctivitis may experience the following symptoms, which often affect both eyes:

• Redness and bloodshot appearance

• Persistent itching

• Increased tearing

• Burning sensations

• Watery discharge

• Sensitivity to light (photophobia)

• Foreign body sensation

• Blurry vision

Additionally, nasal symptoms like a runny nose, congestion, and frequent sneezing are common, making daily life challenging. However, treatments are available to alleviate discomfort.

Diagnosis

A primary care physician can diagnose this condition through symptom evaluation and a physical examination. If another eye condition is suspected, referral to an optometrist or ophthalmologist for a comprehensive eye exam may be necessary to ensure accurate diagnosis.

Treatments

Managing allergic conjunctivitis involves avoiding known allergens and using home remedies, such as rinsing eyes with water and applying cool compresses. Artificial Tears provide comfort by soothing dryness and flushing out allergens. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) eye drops can ease irritation.

For redness, decongestant eye drops can be used briefly to avoid rebound redness. Over-the-counter or prescription antihistamine eye drops, like Ketotifen and Azelastine, offer relief. Severe cases may benefit from allergy immunotherapy, gradually building tolerance to allergens. Oral antihistamines, preferred in second-generation forms due to fewer side effects, can also help. Using nasal steroid sprays for rhinitis may improve eye symptoms.

Medications

To manage allergic conjunctivitis, several medications can help alleviate symptoms:

• Oral Antihistamines: Rapid relief by blocking histamine effects.

• Antihistamine Eye Drops: Emedastine and Cetirizine for short-term relief.

• Mast Cell Stabilizer Eye Drops: Olopatadine and Ketotifen for longer-lasting effects.

• Combination Eye Drops: Alaway (ketotifen 0.025%) and Pataday (olopatadine 0.1% to 0.7%) combine antihistamines with mast cell stabilizers, available OTC and by prescription.

• Steroid Eye Drops: For severe inflammation, closely monitored due to side effects.

• Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Reduce redness and swelling.

• Artificial Tears: Soothe irritation during daily activities.

Professional consultation is essential to select and use the most appropriate medication.

Prevention

Here are practical steps to prevent this eye inflammation:

• Wash hands frequently, especially after pet contact.

• Wear sunglasses outdoors to shield eyes from pollen.

• Change clothes and wash after outdoor activities to remove allergens.

• Keep home and car windows closed during high pollen periods, using air conditioning.

• Avoid eye rubbing.

• Clean bedding weekly and use “mite-proof” covers on mattresses and pillows.

• Wear a mask and eye protection when cleaning.

• Use HEPA filters to capture allergens.

• Avoid smoking or vaping indoors.

These measures can help minimize allergen exposure and manage symptoms.