Flu

The flu, also referred to as influenza, is a respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. While it shares similar symptoms with the common cold and COVID-19, it is a distinct illness. The flu virus spreads through airborne particles or contact with contaminated surfaces. Flu symptoms are typically more severe and longer-lasting than those of a cold. Though it's possible to catch the flu any time of the year, it is most common between October and February, with another peak potentially in March or April. The duration and timing of the flu season vary annually, depending on the circulating virus strains and the flu vaccine's effectiveness.

Causes

• Influenza viruses, particularly types A and B, are the main causes of the flu, affecting the respiratory system.

• The virus spreads through the air via droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks and can also be transmitted by touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the face.

• The incubation period ranges from one to four days after exposure.

High-risk groups for severe illness include:

• Pregnant women

• Children under 5

• Adults over 65

• Individuals with extreme obesity (BMI of 40 or more)

• Those with chronic medical conditions or who are immunocompromised

• Residents of nursing homes

• Children and teens on long-term medication

• Individuals experiencing homelessness

• People who have had a stroke

Racial and ethnic minorities, particularly Non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, Latino, American Indian, and Alaska Native populations, may experience more severe symptoms or hospitalization due to the flu. Annual vaccination is advised to prevent infection and mitigate the impact of the seasonal flu due to the virus's rapid spread and continual change.

Symptoms

Flu symptoms typically appear suddenly and are more severe compared to the common cold. Common symptoms include:

• Fever lasting 3 to 4 days

• Severe body aches

• Chills and shivering

• Fatigue and weakness

• Chest congestion with cough

• Headaches

• Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea (especially in children)

• Sneezing, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose

Serious complications can arise, prompting the need for medical attention if symptoms such as breathing difficulties, persistent chest or abdominal pain, severe weakness, or worsening underlying medical conditions occur. In children, symptoms like bluish lips or face, difficulty breathing, seizures, or very high fever warrant emergency care and early detection to manage the virus's spread.

Diagnosis

Healthcare professionals usually diagnose the flu based on symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, and runny nose. Tests are not always necessary for treatment but can confirm the influenza virus. Common tests include:

• Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) that provide quick results but have limited accuracy.

• Rapid molecular assays, offering more precise results within 15-20 minutes.

• Viral cultures, which are highly precise and take several hours to days for results.

During outbreaks, clinical judgment may suffice to diagnose flu without tests, especially if symptoms are indicative. Some tests can check for both flu and COVID-19, helping differentiate between these infections. Despite test availability, strong suspicions of flu permit treatment without test confirmation.

Treatments

Managing the flu effectively involves antiviral medications prescribed by healthcare professionals, especially when taken within 48 hours of symptom onset. Common antivirals include Oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir, and baloxavir. While they don't cure the flu, they can reduce symptom duration and severity, crucial for high-risk individuals. For mild cases, home care with rest, hydration, and over-the-counter remedies for fever and aches might suffice. It's vital to consult a healthcare provider for appropriate treatment guidance.

Medications

Both over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications can manage flu symptoms:

• OTC Flu Treatments:

• Pain Relievers: Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen for body aches and fever.

• Throat Sprays/Drops: Soothing sore throats.

• Expectorant Cough Medicine: Guaifenesin for lung congestion.

• Cough Suppressants: Dextromethorphan reduces coughing.

• Decongestants: Pseudoephedrine helps with runny noses.

• Saline Sprays: Clear nasal congestion.

• Prescription Antivirals:

• Reduce flu symptom duration if started within 48 hours.

• Common options include Oseltamivir, Xofluza, Relenza, and Rapivab.

Note that flu medications may not be available in pharmacies during peak flu season, and antibiotics are ineffective against the flu, as it's viral.

Prevention

Consider these strategies to prevent the flu:

• Get Vaccinated: Everyone over 6 months should get an annual flu shot to minimize flu risks. Vaccination is especially crucial for high-risk groups. Ideally, get vaccinated before flu season, though later vaccination still helps.

• Access to Flu Shot: Available at clinics, pharmacies, public health departments, workplaces, and schools, often affordably.

• Practice Healthy Habits:

• Frequent handwashing or use of hand sanitizer.

• Avoid close contact with the sick.

• Stay home if you're ill.

• Cover your mouth/nose when coughing/sneezing.

• Don't touch your face.

• Maintain Clean Environments: Ensure ventilation and regularly disinfect surfaces.

• Use Masks: Wear masks in certain situations to curb the spread of respiratory infections.