Hypertension

Hypertension, or high blood pressure, occurs when the force of the blood against the artery walls is elevated. In the United States, it affects over 100 million adults, according to the American Heart Association. Dubbed the "silent killer," hypertension can often remain undetected. If unmanaged, it can lead to significant health issues like heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, and even death. Regularly discussing blood pressure readings with healthcare professionals is crucial, especially if there is a family history of hypertension or associated risks such as diabetes.

Causes

Hypertension can result from various factors, classified into primary and secondary causes.

• Primary Hypertension: This type develops gradually and is linked to genetic predispositions and lifestyle habits. Key risk factors include:

• A family history of high blood pressure

• Advancing age

• Being overweight or obese

• African American ethnicity

• Lack of physical activity

• High sodium diet

• Excessive alcohol consumption

• Secondary Hypertension: This type is related to other medical conditions or medications. Contributing factors include:

• Medications and recreational drugs like cocaine

• Kidney disease

• Obstructive sleep apnea

• Narrowing of the aorta

• Hormonal disorders like thyroid problems or Cushing’s syndrome

Recognizing and managing these risks are crucial for controlling hypertension.

Symptoms

Hypertension often does not have noticeable symptoms, earning it the "silent" moniker. However, if blood pressure reaches dangerously high levels, symptoms may include severe headaches, vision changes, chest pain, shortness of breath, and nosebleeds. Such symptoms indicate a hypertensive crisis and need urgent medical attention. Routine blood pressure monitoring is essential to detect hypertension early and mitigate potential complications like heart disease or stroke.

Diagnosis

Hypertension diagnosis involves measuring blood pressure using an inflatable cuff to obtain two numbers: systolic (top) and diastolic (bottom) pressures. Readings of 130/80 mmHg or higher, taken under relaxed conditions, signify hypertension. Normal blood pressure is less than 120/80 mmHg. Elevation is checked when readings show systolic pressure between 120-129 mmHg and diastolic pressure below 80 mmHg. Doctors may perform further tests to find underlying causes or assess organ damage, with monitoring recommended annually or more frequently depending on risk factors. Home blood pressure monitors can assist in regular self-monitoring.

Treatments

Hypertension management combines lifestyle changes with medication if necessary. A heart-healthy lifestyle involves a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, reducing salt intake, regular physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight. Additionally, reducing alcohol intake and quitting smoking can help. Medications, if required, might include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, or calcium channel blockers. Sticking to prescribed treatments and healthcare advice is key to effective hypertension management.

Medications

For hypertension management, several medication classes are available:

• Thiazide Diuretics: Help remove excess sodium and fluids. Examples include Chlorthalidone and Hydrochlorothiazide.

• ACE Inhibitors: Block angiotensin II production. Examples include Lisinopril and Enalapril.

• ARBs: Prevent effects of angiotensin II. Losartan and Valsartan are examples.

• Calcium Channel Blockers: Relax blood vessels by preventing calcium entry. Include Amlodipine and Diltiazem.

Other medications may also be used, such as Alpha Blockers (Doxazosin) and Beta Blockers (Metoprolol). Consulting a healthcare provider is essential to determine suitable options. Medication changes should only be done under professional guidance.

Prevention

Preventing hypertension largely involves lifestyle modifications:

• Limit Sodium: Consume low-salt foods.

• Balanced Diet: Opt for fruits, vegetables, fiber, and protein, minimizing sodium and fats.

• Exercise: Engage in moderate exercise like walking for 150 minutes weekly.

• Healthy Weight: Maintain a healthy weight.

• No Smoking & Limited Alcohol: Cease smoking and keep alcohol intake moderate.

• Manage Stress: Practice stress management techniques.

• Sleep: Ensure adequate sleep for heart health.

Adopting these changes can effectively prevent hypertension and associated health issues.