Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Upon entering the body, HBV specifically targets liver cells, leading to their swelling and inflammation, which can impair liver function. This initial infection stage is referred to as acute hepatitis B. Fortunately, most adults experience recovery from this phase without needing treatment. However, if the immune system fails to eliminate the virus effectively, the infection can persist, becoming chronic. Chronic hepatitis B is a serious condition with the potential to lead to liver failure and significantly increase the risk of liver cancer.

Causes

Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and spreads through exposure to infected body fluids, such as blood, semen, and vaginal fluids. Transmission can occur through:

• Accidental needlestick injuries.

• Sharing needles or syringes, often linked to intravenous drug use.

• Using contaminated equipment for tattoos, piercings, or acupuncture.

• Unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected individual.

• Mother-to-child transmission during childbirth.

Certain groups face a heightened risk of contracting hepatitis B, including:

• Healthcare workers with potential exposure to infected blood.

• Individuals with multiple sexual partners.

• People who misuse intravenous drugs.

• Those requiring dialysis.

• Individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes.

• People originating from or residing in hepatitis B prevalent regions like Asia, the Pacific Islands, Africa, and Eastern Europe.

Hepatitis B cannot be transmitted through casual interactions such as hugging, sneezing, coughing, or sharing food, underscoring that specific exposure to infected bodily fluids is necessary for transmission.

Symptoms

Common symptoms associated with hepatitis B include:

• Abdominal pain

• Nausea and vomiting

• Loss of appetite

• Joint pain

• Fatigue

• Yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice)

• Dark urine

• Fever

Symptoms may not present immediately, typically developing 1 to 4 months after exposure. In many cases, especially in children, symptoms do not manifest, complicating early detection without proper testing. If exposure to hepatitis B is suspected, seeking medical advice promptly is vital to prevent serious liver complications.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing hepatitis B primarily involves blood tests, designed to detect the hepatitis B virus or the antibodies produced against it. These tests can show whether the infection is acute, potentially resolving on its own, or chronic, necessitating ongoing management. Blood tests also reveal immunity developed from vaccination or past infection. Additional liver health assessments may include imaging tests like liver ultrasounds, and in specific cases, a liver biopsy, where a small liver tissue sample is taken to check for damage. Timely diagnosis is essential for effectively managing hepatitis B and preventing complications.

Treatments

Treatment for hepatitis B depends on whether the infection is acute or chronic. Acute hepatitis B often resolves without targeted medical intervention, as the body can frequently manage the virus independently. During recovery, healthcare providers may stress the importance of rest, good nutrition, and staying hydrated. Conversely, managing chronic hepatitis B requires a proactive, long-term strategy to prevent liver damage, frequently involving antiviral medications to suppress the virus. In some cases, interferon injections might be used despite possible side effects. For patients with severe liver failure from chronic hepatitis B, a liver transplant could be required. To manage the disease effectively, continuous monitoring and lifestyle adjustments are crucial.

Medications

For chronic hepatitis B, medication plays a critical role in protecting the liver and reducing the virus's spread. Common medications include:

• Antiviral Medications:

• Entecavir (Baraclude)

• Tenofovir disoproxil (Viread)

• Adefovir (Hepsera)

• Telbivudine (Tyzeka)

• Lamivudine (Epivir)

These drugs are typically taken orally once daily, recognized for their efficacy and minimal side effects, helping control the virus and lower liver complication risks.

• Immune Modulators:

• Pegylated Interferon may be administered for shorter durations compared to oral antivirals, though they might cause side effects like flu-like symptoms or depression.

• Treatment Considerations:

• Treatment is personalized, considering the individual’s liver health and other coexisting infections.

• Regular follow-up appointments with a liver specialist are vital to monitor liver function and adjust treatment if necessary.

These treatments collectively manage hepatitis B and help reduce its health impact.

Prevention

To prevent hepatitis B:

• Get Vaccinated: The hepatitis B vaccine is safe and effective, recommended for newborns, children, and young adults, and advised for everyone up to age 59 and those over 60 at risk.

• Practice Safe Sex: Use condoms and engage in safe sexual practices to lower transmission risk.

• Avoid Sharing Needles and Personal Items: Do not share needles, syringes, or personal items like razors and toothbrushes that could carry blood.

• Use Sterile Equipment: Ensure equipment for tattoos or piercings is sterile.

• Exercise Caution Around Blood and Bodily Fluids: Use gloves when in contact with another person's blood or body fluids to minimize infection risk.

These measures are essential for protecting personal health and contributing to community safety.