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Lithium is a medication that requires careful monitoring due to the potential risks associated with its use. It is crucial to maintain appropriate levels of lithium in your body. An excess can lead to severe side effects, and thus, regular medical supervision is essential during treatment. Below are important safety considerations to keep in mind when using lithium:

• Lithium Toxicity: High levels of lithium in the blood can cause toxicity, leading to symptoms such as nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, shaking, muscle weakness, confusion, and trouble breathing. It is vital to have your lithium levels checked regularly by your healthcare provider, and any symptoms of toxicity should be reported immediately.

• Kidney Health: Lithium can affect kidney function and the body's ability to balance salt and water. Monitor for signs like frequent urination, increased thirst, bloody or foamy urine, lower back pain, and fatigue. Consistent fluid and salt intake is important, and any indication of kidney damage should be addressed with your healthcare provider.

• Serotonin Syndrome: This rare but serious condition can occur when lithium is taken with other medications that increase serotonin levels. Symptoms include a fast heart rate, sweating, muscle stiffness, fever, and confusion. It is essential to inform your provider about all medications you are taking.

• Thyroid Issues: Lithium may cause thyroid problems, such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Symptoms include tiredness, weight changes, and temperature sensitivity. Regular monitoring of thyroid function is recommended.

• Heart Problems (Brugada Syndrome): Lithium can exacerbate Brugada syndrome, a rare heart rhythm disorder. Those with a personal or family history of this condition should consult a cardiologist before starting lithium.

• Low Blood Sodium Levels: Lithium may lead to low sodium levels in the blood, a condition that requires immediate medical attention if symptoms such as weakness, confusion, or headaches occur.

• High Blood Calcium and Parathyroid Hormone Levels: Long-term lithium use can increase calcium levels in the blood. Symptoms include tiredness, muscle weakness, and digestive issues. Monitoring of calcium and parathyroid hormone levels is important.

• Brain-related Side Effects: Combining lithium with antipsychotic medications may increase the risk of neurological side effects like tremors and confusion. Immediate medical attention is advised if these occur.

Contraindications:

• Do not use lithium if you are allergic to any lithium-containing products. Consult your healthcare provider if you have any concerns or if you suspect an allergy.

Regular communication with your healthcare provider and adherence to prescribed monitoring schedules are essential for safe lithium use.

Common side effects:

• drowsiness
• dizziness
• tiredness
• increased thirst
• increased frequency of urination
• weight gain
• mild hand tremors
• general discomfort

Less common but important to monitor:

• nausea or vomiting
• urinating more frequently
• tremors
• tiredness
• dizziness
• changes in thyroid hormone levels

Serious side effects:

• severe dizziness
• fainting
• irregular heartbeat
• shortness of breath
• seizures
• severe tremors
• serotonin syndrome/toxicity
• rapid heartbeat
• hallucinations
• loss of coordination
• severe nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
• muscle twitching
• unexplained fever
• unusual agitation
• allergic reactions
• swollen lymph nodes
• rash
• severe itching or swelling
• difficulty breathing

Interactions with high risk of serious adverse effects and should be avoided:

• MDMA
• St. John's Wort
• Fluoxetine
• Paroxetine
• Duloxetine
• Venlafaxine

Interactions with moderate risk that may require dose adjustment, closer monitoring, or timing changes:

• Captopril
• Enalapril
• Losartan
• Valsartan
• Celecoxib
• Ibuprofen
• Hydrochlorothiazide
• Furosemide
• Chlorpromazine
• Haloperidol